RESUMEN
Since the outbreak in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic virus has been a major public health problem in all countries of the world. The virus is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets from the patient or asymptomatic carrier and is highly contagious. The clinical disease in children is similar to any acute respiratory infection with predominant upper respiratory symptoms, but occasionally can progress to pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. The disease is milder in children than in adults, with low mortality, and it appears that infants and young children have a somewhat more severe clinical course. Diagnosis is made by detecting the virus from respiratory samples (mainly nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs) using polymerase chain reaction. Treatment is usually symptomatic, and in severe and critical forms, the use of one of the antiviral drugs (lopinavir-ritonavir, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine) may be consideredCopyright © 2020 Croatian Paediatric Society. All rights reserved.
RESUMEN
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is a novel entity first described in April 2020. It is a complication of COVID-19 that appears with a latency of 2-6 weeks and is characterized by fever, multiorgan involvement, and elevated inflammatory markers. Diagnosis is based on certain diagnostic criteria, and in these recommendations we chose the World Health Organization case definition. Patients should be treated with intravenous immuno-globulin and glucocorticoids together with other symptomatic and supportive measures. Follow-up should be at least a year-long, and even longer in case of cardiac complications. The aim of these recommendations is to help clinicians in diagnosing and treating this disease.Copyright © 2022, University Hospital of Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved.
RESUMEN
Since the outbreak in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic virus has been a major public health problem in all countries of the world. The virus is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets from the patient or asymptomatic carrier and is highly contagious. The clinical disease in children is similar to any acute respiratory infection with predominant upper respiratory symptoms, but occasionally can progress to pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. The disease is milder in children than in adults, with low mortality, and it appears that infants and young children have a somewhat more severe clinical course. Diagnosis is made by detecting the virus from respiratory samples (mainly nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs) using polymerase chain reaction. Treatment is usually symptomatic, and in severe and critical forms, the use of one of the antiviral drugs (lopinavir-ritonavir, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine) may be considered
RESUMEN
Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 is a relatively new clinical syndrome similar to Kawasaki disease that occurs about 2–6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The disease is characterized by fever and involvement of several organ systems (skin/mucous membranes, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular...) associated with elevated inflammatory parameters. There is no specific diagnostic test to confirm this disease, it is a diagnosis of exclusion, based on specific diagnostic criteria. The basis of treatment is the use of intravenous immunoglobulins and corticosteroids with symptomatic and supportive measures. The disease is characterized by tendency to cause cardiac complications, which is why it is important to systematically monitor these patients even after acute illness. © 2022 Hrvatski Lijecnicki Zbor. All rights reserved.
RESUMEN
COVID-19 in children accounts for up to 8% of all the cases and is less severe than in adults. This could be an underes-timation. A significant number of children are asymptomatic. Symptomatic infection is hard to distinguish from other respiratory tract viral infections based on symptoms and laboratory results. Anosmia is the only symptom in children that is highly suggestive of COVID-19. Infected children mostly have a positive household member. However, the role of children in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is still controversial. Data suggest that schoolchildren have a greater impact in SARS-CoV-2 transmission compared to younger children. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is a new entity reported since April 2020 and is considered a rare complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It occurs in previously healthy older children and adolescents presenting with multisystem involvement and elevated inflammatory markers. Most children respond well to immune-modifying therapy. Treatment of COVID-19 in children is based solely on data received from adults and consists of supportive treatment and, in rare occasions, antiviral therapy (remdesivir), corticosteroids (dexamethasone) and monoclonal antibodies (tocilizumab). Further studies in children are needed in order to better understand this disease. This article discusses clinical presentation and therapeutic options for COVID-19 in children. © 2021, University Hospital of Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved.
RESUMEN
The infection risk among frontline health care workers (HCW) is one of the most concerning aspects of COVID-19. Knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 transmission is still insufficient. However, direct, person-to-person contact appears to be the main route. Secondary transmission can also occur and intensive care units have shown greater contamination than general wards. Risk of transmission by infectious aerosols distributed through the ventilation system duct is considered to be very low. Screening and triaging everyone entering a health care facility is crucial in order to prevent rapid spread among hospital personnel and patients. Recommendations on airborne precautions in the health care setting vary by location, but are universally to be implemented when aerosol-generating procedures are performed. Surgical masks or respirators are currently critical supplies that should be reserved for HCW. Both types of masks need to be used in combination with other personal protective equipment measures. COVID-19 patients should be cohorted and only patients undergoing aerosol generating procedures should be placed in airborne infection isolation rooms.